中国鱼类养殖的崛起、特色和发展方向

    The rise, characteristics and development trends of fish farming in China

    • 摘要:
      背景 鱼类作为重要的水产品,具有高蛋白质、低糖、低盐、低脂肪等营养学特点,在保障人类食物和营养安全中发挥了重要作用。
      进展 中国鱼类养殖历史悠久,著有世界最早的养鱼著作−《养鱼经》,形成最古老的生态养殖方式−桑基鱼塘,攻克了青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenoparygodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)等养殖鱼类的人工繁殖技术,拥有完善的鱼类生态养殖理论−“八字精养法”及丰富的渔文化。自20世纪80年代初以来,中国鱼类养殖技术不断创新、养殖模式绿色转型升级,养殖品种、面积和产量不断突破,形成了草鱼养殖产量独占鳌头、池塘养殖模式占据重要地位的特色渔业,以及“品种研究—集成技术—产业开发”的特色发展模式;完成了从“吃鱼难”到“吃鱼多”,再到“吃好鱼”的结构调整,海水养殖实现了从近岸到深远海鱼类养殖的跨越发展。目前,以鱼类养殖为主的中国水产养殖产量占世界养殖总产量的2/3,是世界水产养殖大国。
      意义 随着中国水产绿色健康养殖技术“五大行动”的推进,中国鱼类养殖业“高效、优质、生态、健康、持续、安全”绿色发展,对提高人民生活水平和促进乡村振兴等具有重要意义。

       

      Abstract:
      Background Fishes and other aquatic products are important agricultural products, with typical nutritious, healthy and delicious food, and play an important role in ensuring the food and nutritional security in the world.
      Progress China has a long history of fish farming, featuring the world’s earliest treatise on the subject, “the Classics on Fish Breeding”, as well as the establishment of the oldest ecological farming method known as the “Mulberry Fish Pond”. In China, the artificial breeding technology of silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp, green carp and mud carp have been overcome, and have a complete theory of fish ecological farming—“the Eight Character Intensive Breeding Method” and richly fish culture. Since 1980s, China’s fish farming technology and farming model had been continuously innovating, and green transformation and upgrading, respectively. The variety, area, and output of fish farming have been continuously broken through which grass carp farming output have been taken the first place of a characteristic fishery. The pond farming mode have occupied an important position, and the characteristic development model of “variety research-integrated technology-industrial development” had been formed. Human have completed the structural adjustment from “difficulty in eating fish” to “consuming a large quantity of fish”, and even “consuming high-quality fish”, and make leapfrog development of fish farming from nearshore to deep sea. China is now a big country in fishery in world, the aquaculture yield is two-thirds of the world’s total aquaculture output.
      Prospect With the promotion of the “Five Actions” in green and healthy aquaculture technology, “efficiency, quality, ecology, health, sustainability and safety” are the directions for the green development of China’s fish farming industry. It will be of great significance and play an important role in improving people’s living standards and promoting the strategy of rural revitalization.

       

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