Background Over the past few years, there has been a growing emphasis on the ecological preservation and sustainable development within the Yellow River Basin due to the strategic initiatives implemented by the Chinese government. As a critical segment of the Yellow River, Shaanxi section holds rich aquatic life yet confronts substantial challenges related to environmental shifts, resource exploitation, and conservation efforts.

Objective The study aims to assess the present state of fishery resources in Shaanxi section of the Yellow River and Weihe River, thereby offering a scientific foundation for the safeguarding and rehabilitation of these resources.

Methods Between 2022 and 2023, the study conducted comprehensive surveys across 16 sampling sites along both rivers utilizing diverse fishing gear, and analyzed the composition of fish communities, species diversity, dominant species, and resource dynamics at each sampling site.

Results 1) A total of 77 species of fish were detected in Shaanxi section of the Yellow River and Weihe River, belonging to 7 orders, 16 families, and 47 genera. 2) This resource survey detected 54 indigenous fish species, accounting for approximately 46.00% of historical records. 3) There were 23 alien species, accounting for 29.87% of the existing resource species. 4) The biodiversity of Shaanxi section of the Yellow River and Weihe River was generally poor, with average species richness and significant differences in population distribution. 5) The fish community structure monitored in Shaanxi section of the Yellow River and the middle section of Weihe River was relatively simple.

Conclusion Compared to other regions, the biodiversity in Fugu and Tongguan sections of the Yellow River was richer. Shaanxi section of the Yellow River and Weihe River showed peak species richness and dominance during the summer months.

Significance By comparing fish diversity indices between the Shaanxi section of the Yellow River and different monitoring points of Weihe River, the study evaluates resource level fluctuations and offers recommendations for fishery resource conservation. It provides a robust theoretical framework and practical guidance for managing and utilizing fishery resources in Shaanxi section of the Yellow River.