Background As a crucial component of China’s aquaculture industry, shrimp aquaculture has made significant contributions to the national economy. However, the increasing prevalence of disease outbreaks has become a critical bottleneck restricting the industry’s sustainable development.

Progress This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive review of prevalent shrimp diseases, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, with detailed descriptions of their characteristic symptoms. We systematically evaluate current pathogen detection methods and assess existing disease control strategies. Furthermore, we identify major challenges in current disease prevention practices.

Significance The review aims to establish a scientific foundation for developing an integrated, efficient, and environmentally friendly disease management system, ultimately supporting the transition of China’s shrimp aquaculture industry toward high-quality, sustainable development.